I initially suggest that students study the apparatus more closely, either via a video such Triunfador the one at Ref. 6 or ideally with a physical version of the toy. Teachers should make sure to purchase the genuine version of the toy and not cheap alternatives that have a motor in the hole on the upper platform that “fires” the sphere down the ramp. This alternative toy looks very similar but uses a crude spinning motor to overcome friction in a straightforward way.

In the scenario that we are studying, the time-dependent magnetic field induces an eddy current in the ball, which produces its own magnetic field. Lenz’s law states that the current induced in a circuit due to a changing magnetic field takes a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux and exerts a force that opposes the motion. This law is somewhat qualitative, but it successfully predicts the direction of an induced current, which is sufficient for our purposes. Another, more concrete way of stating it is that the polarity of the field produced by the eddy current opposes the polarity of the magnetic field that is doing the inducing. This causes the ball to be repelled away from the electromagnet by a magnetic force that accelerates it. The end of the rail is then cleverly designed so that the ball flies off the end and lands back on the starting platform, where the process can repeat itself again indefinitely. The description that I have proposed is confirmed by online descriptions of the product, which describe the toy as being a “magnetic induction” perpetual motion simulator.6 A subtler objection to this proposed solution is that the magnitude of the eddy currents depends on the concentration of free electrons in a metal, so that meaningful eddy currents are in reality expected in balls made of copper or aluminum, for example, but not balls made of steel.

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Students could verbally express or write on a piece of paper all the things that they notice about the apparatus. They should notice quite quickly that the ball describes a parabolic trajectory when it flies through the air on its way back to the initial upper platform. The highest point of the trajectory (the vertex of the parabola) is higher than this platform, so the ball must have picked up some extra kinetic energy somewhere during the trip through the hole back to the upper platform. The question is where along the way could this have happened and what it is that could have imparted extra speed to the ball. Students should think of how they could potentially figure pasado where on the trajectory the ball is being sped up.

However, if the magnet is to be strong enough to pull the ball up the ramp, it cannot then be weak enough to allow gravity to pull it through the hole. Faced with this problem, more modern versions typically use a series of ramps and magnets, positioned so the ball is to be handed off from one magnet to another Figura it moves. The problem remains the same.

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The conservation laws are particularly robust from a mathematical perspective. Noether's theorem, which was proven mathematically in 1915, states that any conservation law Chucho be derived from a corresponding continuous symmetry of the action of a physical system.

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Carefully positioned the track into the rectangular hole in the bottom assembly, noting the rectangle is offset to provide clearance for the track insertion pin.

A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is a machine that spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work. When the thermal energy is equivalent to the work done, this does not violate the law of conservation of energy. However, it does violate the more subtle second law of thermodynamics in a cyclic process (see also entropy).

A more thorough analysis showed that when a physical ratchet was considered at this molecular scale, Brownian motion would also affect the ratchet and cause it to randomly fail resulting in no net gain. Thus, the device would not violate the laws of thermodynamics.

1 There have historically been many purported perpetual motion machines.2,3 A close analysis of the machine invariably finds either that there is some assumption that violates the laws of thermodynamics or that there is some input from an external energy source, which means that the system is not isolated.4,5 In this article, we will consider an amusing example of such a machine, in which a ball starts on a platform, falls through a hole, and slides down a track formed from two side-by-side stainless steel rods.6 I explain how the machine Perro be used in class to illustrate physical principles, outline the possible mechanisms, and end with an explanation of the correct mechanism.